Device, method, and graphical user interface for navigating and annotating an electronic document

ABSTRACT

A device, configured to operate in a first operational mode at some times and in a second operational mode at other times, detects a first gesture having a first gesture type; in response to detecting the first gesture: in accordance with a determination that the device is in the first operational mode, performs an operation having a first operation type; and, in accordance with a determination that the device is in the second operational mode, performs an operation having a second operation type; detects a second gesture having a second gesture type; and in response to detecting the second gesture: in accordance with a determination that the device is in the first operational mode, performs an operation having the second operation type; and in accordance with a determination that the device is in the second operational mode, performs an operation having the first operation type.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 61/435,776, filed Jan. 24, 2011, entitled “Device, Method, andGraphical User Interface for Navigating and Annotating an ElectronicDocument,” which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

This application is related to the following: (1) U.S. application Ser.No. 13/076,407, filed Mar. 30, 2011, entitled “Device, Method, andGraphical User Interface for Navigating and Annotating an ElectronicDocument,” and (2) U.S. application Ser. No. 13/076,411, filed Mar. 30,2011, entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface forNavigating and Annotating an Electronic Document,” which areincorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This relates generally to electronic devices with touch-sensitivesurfaces, including but not limited to electronic devices withtouch-sensitive surfaces that are used to navigate and annotate anelectronic document.

BACKGROUND

The use of touch-sensitive surfaces as input devices for computers andother electronic computing devices has increased significantly in recentyears. Exemplary touch-sensitive surfaces include touch pads and touchscreen displays. Such surfaces are widely used to manipulate userinterface objects on a display.

Exemplary manipulations include navigating through, and annotating anelectronic document, such as an electronic book, newspaper, or magazine.A user may need to perform such manipulations in an electronic book ordocument reader application or in a digital publication application, forexample.

But existing methods for navigating and annotating are cumbersome andinefficient. In addition, existing methods take longer than necessary,thereby wasting energy. This latter consideration is particularlyimportant in battery-operated devices.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, there is a need for electronic devices with faster, moreefficient methods and interfaces for navigating and annotating anelectronic document. Such methods and interfaces may complement orreplace conventional methods for navigating and annotating an electronicdocument. Such methods and interfaces reduce the cognitive burden on auser and produce a more efficient human-machine interface. Forbattery-operated devices, such methods and interfaces conserve power andincrease the time between battery charges.

The above deficiencies and other problems associated with userinterfaces for electronic devices with touch-sensitive surfaces arereduced or eliminated by the disclosed devices. In some embodiments, thedevice is a desktop computer. In some embodiments, the device isportable (e.g., a notebook computer, tablet computer, or handhelddevice). In some embodiments, the device has a touchpad. In someembodiments, the device has a touch-sensitive display (also known as a“touch screen” or “touch screen display”). In some embodiments, thedevice has a graphical user interface (GUI), one or more processors,memory and one or more modules, programs or sets of instructions storedin the memory for performing multiple functions. In some embodiments,the user interacts with the GUI primarily through finger contacts andgestures on the touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, thefunctions may include image editing, drawing, presenting, wordprocessing, website creating, disk authoring, spreadsheet making, gameplaying, telephoning, video conferencing, e-mailing, instant messaging,workout support, digital photographing, digital videoing, web browsing,digital music playing, and/or digital video playing. Executableinstructions for performing these functions may be included in anon-transitory computer readable storage medium or other computerprogram product configured for execution by one or more processors.

In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at anelectronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface. Thedevice is configured to operate in a first operational mode at sometimes and in a second operational mode distinct from the firstoperational mode at other times. The method includes detecting a firstgesture on the touch-sensitive surface having a first gesture type, andin response to detecting the first gesture: in accordance with adetermination that the device is in the first operational mode,performing an operation having a first operation type, and in accordancewith a determination that the device is in the second operational mode,performing an operation having a second operation type distinct from thefirst operation type. The method also includes detecting a secondgesture on the touch-sensitive surface having a second gesture typedistinct from the first gesture type, and in response to detecting thesecond gesture: in accordance with a determination that the device is inthe first operational mode, performing an operation having the secondoperation type, and in accordance with a determination that the deviceis in the second operational mode, performing an operation having thefirst operation type.

In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes adisplay, a touch-sensitive surface, one or more processors, memory, andone or more programs. The device is configured to operate in a firstoperational mode at some times and in a second operational mode distinctfrom the first operational mode at other times. The one or more programsare stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one ormore processors and the one or more programs include instructions forperforming the operations of the method described above. In accordancewith some embodiments, a graphical user interface on an electronicdevice with a display, a touch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one ormore processors to execute one or more programs stored in the memoryincludes one or more of the elements displayed in the method describedabove, which are updated in response to inputs, as described in themethod above. In accordance with some embodiments, a non-transitorycomputer readable storage medium has stored therein instructions whichwhen executed by an electronic device with a display and atouch-sensitive surface cause the device to perform the operations ofthe method described above. In accordance with some embodiments, anelectronic device includes: a display; a touch-sensitive surface; andmeans for performing the operations of the method described above. Inaccordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus,for use in an electronic device with a display and a touch-sensitivesurface, includes means for performing the operations of the methoddescribed above.

In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at anelectronic device with a touch-sensitive display and a touch-sensitivesurface that is distinct from the touch-sensitive display. The methodincludes detecting a predefined gesture, and in response to detectingthe predefined gesture, displaying a character input user interface onthe display. In accordance with detection of the predefined gesture onthe touch-sensitive surface, the character input user interface includesa split keyboard. In accordance with detection of the predefined gestureon the touch-sensitive display, the character input user interfaceincludes an unsplit keyboard.

In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes atouch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface distinct from thetouch-sensitive display, one or more processors, memory, and one or moreprograms; the one or more programs are stored in the memory andconfigured to be executed by the one or more processors and the one ormore programs include instructions for performing the operations of themethod described above. In accordance with some embodiments, a graphicaluser interface on an electronic device with a touch-sensitive display, atouch-sensitive surface distinct from the touch-sensitive display, amemory, and one or more processors to execute one or more programsstored in the memory includes one or more of the elements displayed inthe method described above, which are updated in response to inputs, asdescribed in any of the methods above. In accordance with someembodiments, a computer readable storage medium has stored thereininstructions which when executed by an electronic device with atouch-sensitive display and a touch-sensitive surface distinct from thetouch-sensitive display, cause the device to perform the operations ofthe method described above. In accordance with some embodiments, anelectronic device includes: a touch-sensitive display, and atouch-sensitive surface distinct from the touch-sensitive display, andmeans for performing the operations of the method described above. Inaccordance with some embodiments, an information processing apparatus,for use in an electronic device with a touch-sensitive display and atouch-sensitive surface distinct from the touch-sensitive display,includes means for performing the operations of the method describedabove.

In accordance with some embodiments, a method is performed at anelectronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface. Themethod includes displaying a document having a user-specifiedhighlighted area that includes highlighting of a first type, detecting acontact at an initial contact location on the touch-sensitive surfacethat corresponds to an initial location on the display, detectingmovement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface, and, in responseto detecting the movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface,in accordance with a determination that the initial location on thedisplay is within the highlighted area, adding highlighting of a secondtype distinct from the first type to at least a portion of thehighlighted area.

In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes adisplay, a touch-sensitive surface, one or more processors, memory, andone or more programs; the one or more programs are stored in the memoryand configured to be executed by the one or more processors and the oneor more programs include instructions for performing the operations ofany of the methods described above. In accordance with some embodiments,a graphical user interface on an electronic device with a display, atouch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one or more processors to executeone or more programs stored in the memory includes one or more of theelements displayed in any of the methods described above, which areupdated in response to inputs, as described in any of the methods above.In accordance with some embodiments, a computer readable storage mediumhas stored therein instructions which when executed by an electronicdevice with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, cause the device toperform the operations of any of the methods described above. Inaccordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes: adisplay; a touch-sensitive surface; means for performing the operationsof any of the methods described above. In accordance with someembodiments, an information processing apparatus, for use in anelectronic device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, includesmeans for performing the operations of any of the methods describedabove.

In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device, configured tooperate in a first operational mode at some times and in a secondoperational mode distinct from the first operational mode at othertimes, includes a display unit; a touch-sensitive surface unitconfigured to receive user gestures; and a processing unit coupled tothe display unit and the touch-sensitive surface unit. The processingunit is configured to detect a first gesture on the touch-sensitivesurface unit having a first gesture type, and in response to detectingthe first gesture: in accordance with a determination that theelectronic device is in the first operational mode, perform an operationhaving a first operation type; and in accordance with a determinationthat the electronic device is in the second operational mode, perform anoperation having a second operation type distinct from the firstoperation type. The processing unit is also configured to detect asecond gesture on the touch-sensitive surface unit having a secondgesture type distinct from the first gesture type; and in response todetecting the second gesture: in accordance with a determination thatthe electronic device is in the first operational mode, perform anoperation having the second operation type; and in accordance with adetermination that the electronic device is in the second operationalmode, perform an operation having the first operation type.

In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes atouch-sensitive display unit configured to receive user gestures; atouch-sensitive surface unit, distinct from the touch-sensitive displayunit, configured to receive user gestures; and a processing unit coupledto the touch-sensitive display unit and the touch-sensitive surfaceunit. The processing unit is configured to detect a predefined gesture,and in response to detecting the predefined gesture, enable display of acharacter input user interface on the touch-sensitive display unit. Inaccordance with detection of the predefined gesture on thetouch-sensitive surface unit, the character input user interfaceincludes a split keyboard. In accordance with detection of thepredefined gesture on the touch-sensitive display unit, the characterinput user interface includes an unsplit keyboard.

In accordance with some embodiments, an electronic device includes adisplay unit configured to display a document having a user-specifiedhighlighted area that includes highlighting of a first type; atouch-sensitive surface unit configured to receive user gestures; and aprocessing unit coupled to the display unit and the touch-sensitivesurface unit. The processing unit is configured to detect a contact atan initial contact location on the touch-sensitive surface unit thatcorresponds to an initial location on the display unit, detect movementof the contact on the touch-sensitive surface unit, and, in response todetecting the movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surfaceunit, in accordance with a determination that the initial location onthe display unit is within the highlighted area, add highlighting of asecond type distinct from the first type to at least a portion of thehighlighted area.

Thus, electronic devices with displays and touch-sensitive surfaces areprovided with faster, more efficient methods and interfaces fornavigating and annotating an electronic document, thereby increasing theeffectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction with such devices. Suchmethods and interfaces may complement or replace conventional methodsfor navigating and annotating an electronic document.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a better understanding of the aforementioned embodiments of theinvention as well as additional embodiments thereof, reference should bemade to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with thefollowing drawings in which like reference numerals refer tocorresponding parts throughout the figures.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction devicewith a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screenin accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with someembodiments.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunctiondevice with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the displayin accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5Q illustrate exemplary user interfaces for navigating andannotating an electronic document, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 6A-6C are flow diagrams illustrating a method of navigating andannotating an electronic document in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of displaying a splitkeyboard or an unsplit keyboard in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 8A-8B are flow diagrams illustrating a method of annotating anelectronic document in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 9 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a functional block diagram of an electronic device inaccordance with some embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Described below are devices and methods that enable a user to manipulateelectronic documents, including navigating and annotating the electronicdocument and accessing character input interfaces.

In one method, a first gesture activates a first operation (e.g., anavigation operation such as turning a page in the electronic document)when the device is operating in a first mode (e.g., a navigation mode).The same first gesture activates a second operation (e.g., an annotationoperation such as highlighting a portion of the page) when the device isoperating in a second mode (e.g., an annotation mode). Conversely, asecond gesture activates the first operation (e.g., the navigationoperation) when the device is operating in the second mode (e.g., theannotation mode). The same second gesture activates the second operation(e.g., the annotation operation) when the device is operating in thefirst mode (e.g., the navigation mode). The first gesture is typically asimpler gesture than the second gesture. For example, the first gestureis a drag gesture and the second gesture is a tap and drag gesture.Thus, for example, simpler gestures are used to perform navigationoperations when the device is in a navigation mode and the same simplergestures are used to perform annotation operations when the device in anannotation mode. Yet annotation operations may still be performed whenin the navigation mode (without switching to the annotation mode) byusing the more complex gestures. Similarly, navigation operations maystill be performed when in the annotation mode (without switching to thenavigation mode) by using the same more complex gestures.

In another method, the device displays an unsplit or split keyboarddepending on where a gesture to activate display of the keyboard isdetected. The unsplit keyboard is displayed if the gesture is detectedon the device's touch-sensitive display. The split keyboard is displayedif the gesture is detected on a touch-sensitive surface distinct fromthe touch-sensitive display (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface on thebackside of the device). By displaying an unsplit or split keyboarddepending on which touch-sensitive surface the gesture is performed on,the device displays a keyboard best suited to how the device issupported at that moment. When the gesture is performed on the touchsensitive display, the device is likely resting on a surface and thussuited for ten-finger typing with an unsplit keyboard. When the gestureis performed on the backside of the device, the device is likely beingheld by the user with the user's non-thumb fingers and thus suited fortwo-thumb typing using a split keyboard.

In another method, the device enables a user to easily and efficientlyadd a second type of highlighting to text already highlighted with afirst type of highlighting. When text is displayed with one type ofhighlighting, in response to a gesture detected within the highlightedarea, the device adds highlighting of a second type to the text alongthe path of the gesture. The second level of highlighting allows theuser to add additional emphasis to parts of already-highlighted text.

Below, FIGS. 1A-1B, 2, 3, and 9-11 provide a description of exemplarydevices. FIGS. 4A-4B and 5A-5Q illustrate exemplary user interfaces fornavigating and annotating an electronic document. FIGS. 6A-6C, 7, and8A-8B are flow diagrams illustrating methods of navigating andannotating an electronic document and displaying character input areas.The user interfaces in FIGS. 5A-5Q are used to illustrate the processesin FIGS. 6A-6C, 7, and 8A-8B.

Exemplary Devices

Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of whichare illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detaileddescription, numerous specific details are set forth in order to providea thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will beapparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the present inventionmay be practiced without these specific details. In other instances,well-known methods, procedures, components, circuits, and networks havenot been described in detail so as not to unnecessarily obscure aspectsof the embodiments.

It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc.may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements shouldnot be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguishone element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed asecond contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a firstcontact, without departing from the scope of the present invention. Thefirst contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are notthe same contact.

The terminology used in the description of the invention herein is forthe purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is notintended to be limiting of the invention. As used in the description ofthe invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and“the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless thecontext clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that theterm “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and allpossible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Itwill be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,”“comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification,specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations,elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations,elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the term “if” may be construed to mean “when” or “upon”or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” dependingon the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [astated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upondetermining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [thestated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the statedcondition or event],” depending on the context.

Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, andassociated processes for using such devices are described. In someembodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as amobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/ormusic player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunctiondevices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad®devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronicdevices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitivesurfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touch pads), may also beused. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the deviceis not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer witha touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touchpad).

In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should beunderstood, however, that the electronic device may include one or moreother physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, amouse and/or a joystick.

The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one ormore of the following: a drawing application, a presentationapplication, a word processing application, a website creationapplication, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, agaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencingapplication, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, aworkout support application, a photo management application, a digitalcamera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsingapplication, a digital music player application, and/or a digital videoplayer application.

The various applications that may be executed on the device may use atleast one common physical user-interface device, such as thetouch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitivesurface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device maybe adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or withina respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture(such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device may support thevariety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive andtransparent to the user.

Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices withtouch-sensitive displays. FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustratingportable multifunction device 100 with touch-sensitive displays 112 inaccordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display 112 issometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience, and may also be knownas or called a touch-sensitive display system. Device 100 may includememory 102 (which may include one or more computer readable storagemediums), memory controller 122, one or more processing units (CPU's)120, peripherals interface 118, RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110,speaker 111, microphone 113, input/output (I/O) subsystem 106, otherinput or control devices 116, and external port 124. Device 100 mayinclude one or more optical sensors 164. These components maycommunicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines 103.

It should be appreciated that device 100 is only one example of aportable multifunction device, and that device 100 may have more orfewer components than shown, may combine two or more components, or mayhave a different configuration or arrangement of the components. Thevarious components shown in FIG. 1A may be implemented in hardware,software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including oneor more signal processing and/or application specific integratedcircuits.

Memory 102 may include high-speed random access memory and may alsoinclude non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storagedevices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memorydevices. Access to memory 102 by other components of device 100, such asCPU 120 and the peripherals interface 118, may be controlled by memorycontroller 122.

Peripherals interface 118 can be used to couple input and outputperipherals of the device to CPU 120 and memory 102. The one or moreprocessors 120 run or execute various software programs and/or sets ofinstructions stored in memory 102 to perform various functions fordevice 100 and to process data.

In some embodiments, peripherals interface 118, CPU 120, and memorycontroller 122 may be implemented on a single chip, such as chip 104. Insome other embodiments, they may be implemented on separate chips.

RF (radio frequency) circuitry 108 receives and sends RF signals, alsocalled electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 converts electricalsignals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates withcommunications networks and other communications devices via theelectromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 may include well-knowncircuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited toan antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner,one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, asubscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RFcircuitry 108 may communicate with networks, such as the Internet, alsoreferred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wirelessnetwork, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local areanetwork (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and otherdevices by wireless communication. The wireless communication may useany of a plurality of communications standards, protocols andtechnologies, including but not limited to Global System for MobileCommunications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speeddownlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA),wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multipleaccess (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, WirelessFidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g and/orIEEE 802.11n), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocolfor e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or postoffice protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messagingand presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for InstantMessaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messagingand Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or anyother suitable communication protocol, including communication protocolsnot yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

Audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, and microphone 113 provide an audiointerface between a user and device 100. Audio circuitry 110 receivesaudio data from peripherals interface 118, converts the audio data to anelectrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 111.Speaker 111 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves.Audio circuitry 110 also receives electrical signals converted bymicrophone 113 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 110 converts theelectrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data toperipherals interface 118 for processing. Audio data may be retrievedfrom and/or transmitted to memory 102 and/or RF circuitry 108 byperipherals interface 118. In some embodiments, audio circuitry 110 alsoincludes a headset jack (e.g., 212, FIG. 2). The headset jack providesan interface between audio circuitry 110 and removable audioinput/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headsetwith both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input(e.g., a microphone).

I/O subsystem 106 couples input/output peripherals on device 100, suchas touch screen 112 and other input control devices 116, to peripheralsinterface 118. I/O subsystem 106 may include display controller 156 andone or more input controllers 160 for other input or control devices.The one or more input controllers 160 receive/send electrical signalsfrom/to other input or control devices 116. The other input controldevices 116 may include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rockerbuttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and soforth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) 160 may becoupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, infrared port,USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons(e.g., 208, FIG. 2) may include an up/down button for volume control ofspeaker 111 and/or microphone 113. The one or more buttons may include apush button (e.g., 206, FIG. 2).

Touch-sensitive display 112 provides an input interface and an outputinterface between the device and a user. Display controller 156 receivesand/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 112. Touch screen112 displays visual output to the user. The visual output may includegraphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectivelytermed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visualoutput may correspond to user-interface objects.

Touch screen 112 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor or set of sensorsthat accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact.Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 (along with any associatedmodules and/or sets of instructions in memory 102) detect contact (andany movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen 112 andconverts the detected contact into interaction with user-interfaceobjects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages or images) thatare displayed on touch screen 112. In an exemplary embodiment, a pointof contact between touch screen 112 and the user corresponds to a fingerof the user.

Touch screen 112 may use LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD(light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emittingdiode) technology, although other display technologies may be used inother embodiments. Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 maydetect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of aplurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed,including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, andsurface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensorarrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contactwith touch screen 112. In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutualcapacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in theiPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

Touch screen 112 may have a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. Insome embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution ofapproximately 160 dpi. The user may make contact with touch screen 112using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, andso forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to workprimarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be lessprecise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of afinger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translatesthe rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position orcommand for performing the actions desired by the user.

In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 100 mayinclude a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particularfunctions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive areaof the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visualoutput. The touchpad may be a touch-sensitive surface that is separatefrom touch screen 112 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surfaceformed by the touch screen.

Device 100 also includes power system 162 for powering the variouscomponents. Power system 162 may include a power management system, oneor more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), arecharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converteror inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode(LED)) and any other components associated with the generation,management and distribution of power in portable devices.

Device 100 may also include one or more optical sensors 164. FIG. 1Ashows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 158 in I/Osubsystem 106. Optical sensor 164 may include charge-coupled device(CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)phototransistors. Optical sensor 164 receives light from theenvironment, projected through one or more lens, and converts the lightto data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module 143(also called a camera module), optical sensor 164 may capture stillimages or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located onthe back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112 on the frontof the device, so that the touch screen display may be used as aviewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In someembodiments, another optical sensor is located on the front of thedevice so that the user's image may be obtained for videoconferencingwhile the user views the other video conference participants on thetouch screen display.

Device 100 may also include one or more proximity sensors 166. FIG. 1Ashows proximity sensor 166 coupled to peripherals interface 118.Alternately, proximity sensor 166 may be coupled to input controller 160in I/O subsystem 106. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turnsoff and disables touch screen 112 when the multifunction device isplaced near the user's ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).

Device 100 may also include one or more accelerometers 168. FIG. 1Ashows accelerometer 168 coupled to peripherals interface 118.Alternately, accelerometer 168 may be coupled to an input controller 160in I/O subsystem 106. In some embodiments, information is displayed onthe touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based onan analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device100 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 168, amagnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other globalnavigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining informationconcerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) ofdevice 100.

In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 102include operating system 126, communication module (or set ofinstructions) 128, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 130,graphics module (or set of instructions) 132, text input module (or setof instructions) 134, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set ofinstructions) 135, and applications (or sets of instructions) 136.Furthermore, in some embodiments memory 102 stores device/globalinternal state 157, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 3. Device/global internalstate 157 includes one or more of: active application state, indicatingwhich applications, if any, are currently active; display state,indicating what applications, views or other information occupy variousregions of touch screen display 112; sensor state, including informationobtained from the device's various sensors and input control devices116; and location information concerning the device's location and/orattitude.

Operating system 126 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, WINDOWS, oran embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various softwarecomponents and/or drivers for controlling and managing general systemtasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, powermanagement, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardwareand software components.

Communication module 128 facilitates communication with other devicesover one or more external ports 124 and also includes various softwarecomponents for handling data received by RF circuitry 108 and/orexternal port 124. External port 124 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB),FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices orindirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). Insome embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin)connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with the30-pin connector used on iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.

Contact/motion module 130 may detect contact with touch screen 112 (inconjunction with display controller 156) and other touch sensitivedevices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motionmodule 130 includes various software components for performing variousoperations related to detection of contact, such as determining ifcontact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determiningif there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across thetouch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-draggingevents), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting afinger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module 130receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determiningmovement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series ofcontact data, may include determining speed (magnitude), velocity(magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitudeand/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations may beapplied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiplesimultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). Insome embodiments, contact/motion module 130 and display controller 156detect contact on a touchpad.

Contact/motion module 130 may detect a gesture input by a user.Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contactpatterns. Thus, a gesture may be detected by detecting a particularcontact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includesdetecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) asthe finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As anotherexample, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surfaceincludes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or morefinger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting afinger-up (lift off) event.

Graphics module 132 includes various known software components forrendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 112 or other display,including components for changing the intensity of graphics that aredisplayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object thatcan be displayed to a user, including without limitation text, webpages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys),digital images, videos, animations and the like.

In some embodiments, graphics module 132 stores data representinggraphics to be used. Each graphic may be assigned a corresponding code.Graphics module 132 receives, from applications etc., one or more codesspecifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinatedata and other graphic property data, and then generates screen imagedata to output to display controller 156.

Text input module 134, which may be a component of graphics module 132,provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g.,contacts 137, e-mail 140, IM 141, browser 147, and any other applicationthat needs text input).

GPS module 135 determines the location of the device and provides thisinformation for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 138 foruse in location-based dialing, to camera 143 as picture/video metadata,and to applications that provide location-based services such as weatherwidgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).

Applications 136 may include the following modules (or sets ofinstructions), or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   contacts module 137 (sometimes called an address book or contact        list);    -   telephone module 138;    -   video conferencing module 139;    -   e-mail client module 140;    -   instant messaging (IM) module 141;    -   books module 142;    -   camera module 143 for still and/or video images;    -   image management module 144;    -   browser module 147;    -   calendar module 148;    -   widget modules 149, which may include one or more of: weather        widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3,        alarm clock widget 149-4, dictionary widget 149-5, and other        widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created widgets        149-6;    -   widget creator module 150 for making user-created widgets 149-6;    -   search module 151;    -   video and music player module 152, which may be made up of a        video player module and a music player module;    -   notes module 153;    -   map module 154; and/or    -   online video module 155.

Examples of other applications 136 that may be stored in memory 102include other word processing applications, other image editingapplications, drawing applications, presentation applications,JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voicerecognition, and voice replication.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contactmodule 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, contactsmodule 137 may be used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g.,stored in application internal state 192 of contacts module 137 inmemory 102 or memory 370), including: adding name(s) to the addressbook; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephonenumber(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other informationwith a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sortingnames; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiateand/or facilitate communications by telephone 138, video conference 139,e-mail 140, or IM 141; and so forth.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111,microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact module130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, telephone module138 may be used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to atelephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in address book137, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respectivetelephone number, conduct a conversation and disconnect or hang up whenthe conversation is completed. As noted above, the wirelesscommunication may use any of a plurality of communications standards,protocols and technologies.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111,microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor164, optical sensor controller 158, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, contact list 137, and telephone module 138,videoconferencing module 139 includes executable instructions toinitiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user andone or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, displaycontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text inputmodule 134, e-mail client module 140 includes executable instructions tocreate, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to userinstructions. In conjunction with image management module 144, e-mailclient module 140 makes it very easy to create and send e-mails withstill or video images taken with camera module 143.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, displaycontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text inputmodule 134, the instant messaging module 141 includes executableinstructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to aninstant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit arespective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service(SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-basedinstant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-basedinstant messages), to receive instant messages and to view receivedinstant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or receivedinstant messages may include graphics, photos, audio files, video filesand/or other attachments as are supported in a MMS and/or an EnhancedMessaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers toboth telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) andInternet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, orIMPS).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111,microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor164, optical sensor controller 158, contact module 130, graphics module132, text input module 134, contact list 137, and telephone module 138,books module 142 includes executable instructions to display, annotate,and share an electronic book (e.g., a text book), magazine, newspaper orother digital publication between a user and one or more otherparticipants in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, opticalsensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact module 130,graphics module 132, and image management module 144, camera module 143includes executable instructions to capture still images or video(including a video stream) and store them into memory 102, modifycharacteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image orvideo from memory 102.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contactmodule 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and cameramodule 143, image management module 144 includes executable instructionsto arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete,present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/orvideo images.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text inputmodule 134, browser module 147 includes executable instructions tobrowse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, includingsearching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portionsthereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text inputmodule 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, calendarmodule 148 includes executable instructions to create, display, modify,and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendarentries, to do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text inputmodule 134, and browser module 147, widget modules 149 aremini-applications that may be downloaded and used by a user (e.g.,weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3,alarm clock widget 149-4, and dictionary widget 149-5) or created by theuser (e.g., user-created widget 149-6). In some embodiments, a widgetincludes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (CascadingStyle Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widgetincludes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file(e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text inputmodule 134, and browser module 147, the widget creator module 150 may beused by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portionof a web page into a widget).

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display system controller 156,contact module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134,search module 151 includes executable instructions to search for text,music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 102 that matchone or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified searchterms) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display system controller 156,contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker111, RF circuitry 108, and browser module 147, video and music playermodule 152 includes executable instructions that allow the user todownload and play back recorded music and other sound files stored inone or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executableinstructions to display, present or otherwise play back videos (e.g., ontouch screen 112 or on an external, connected display via external port124). In some embodiments, device 100 may include the functionality ofan MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contactmodule 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, notes module153 includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to dolists, and the like in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display systemcontroller 156, contact module 130, graphics module 132, text inputmodule 134, GPS module 135, and browser module 147, map module 154 maybe used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associatedwith maps (e.g., driving directions; data on stores and other points ofinterest at or near a particular location; and other location-baseddata) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display system controller 156,contact module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker111, RF circuitry 108, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140,and browser module 147, online video module 155 includes instructionsthat allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streamingand/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on anexternal, connected display via external port 124), send an e-mail witha link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videosin one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instantmessaging module 141, rather than e-mail client module 140, is used tosend a link to a particular online video.

Each of the above identified modules and applications correspond to aset of executable instructions for performing one or more functionsdescribed above and the methods described in this application (e.g., thecomputer-implemented methods and other information processing methodsdescribed herein). These modules (i.e., sets of instructions) need notbe implemented as separate software programs, procedures or modules, andthus various subsets of these modules may be combined or otherwisere-arranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 102 maystore a subset of the modules and data structures identified above.Furthermore, memory 102 may store additional modules and data structuresnot described above.

In some embodiments, device 100 is a device where operation of apredefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusivelythrough a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/ora touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device100, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons,dials, and the like) on device 100 may be reduced.

The predefined set of functions that may be performed exclusivelythrough a touch screen and/or a touchpad include navigation between userinterfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user,navigates device 100 to a main, home, or root menu from any userinterface that may be displayed on device 100. In such embodiments, thetouchpad may be referred to as a “menu button.” In some otherembodiments, the menu button may be a physical push button or otherphysical input control device instead of a touchpad.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for eventhandling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments,memory 102 (in FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3) includes event sorter 170 (e.g.,in operating system 126) and a respective application 136-1 (e.g., anyof the aforementioned applications 137-151, 155, 380-390).

Event sorter 170 receives event information and determines theapplication 136-1 and application view 191 of application 136-1 to whichto deliver the event information. Event sorter 170 includes eventmonitor 171 and event dispatcher module 174. In some embodiments,application 136-1 includes application internal state 192, whichindicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch sensitivedisplay 112 when the application is active or executing. In someembodiments, device/global internal state 157 is used by event sorter170 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, andapplication internal state 192 is used by event sorter 170 to determineapplication views 191 to which to deliver event information.

In some embodiments, application internal state 192 includes additionalinformation, such as one or more of: resume information to be used whenapplication 136-1 resumes execution, user interface state informationthat indicates information being displayed or that is ready for displayby application 136-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back toa prior state or view of application 136-1, and a redo/undo queue ofprevious actions taken by the user.

Event monitor 171 receives event information from peripherals interface118. Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., auser touch on touch-sensitive display 112, as part of a multi-touchgesture). Peripherals interface 118 transmits information it receivesfrom I/O subsystem 106 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 166,accelerometer(s) 168, and/or microphone 113 (through audio circuitry110). Information that peripherals interface 118 receives from I/Osubsystem 106 includes information from touch-sensitive display 112 or atouch-sensitive surface.

In some embodiments, event monitor 171 sends requests to the peripheralsinterface 118 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripheralsinterface 118 transmits event information. In other embodiments,peripheral interface 118 transmits event information only when there isa significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predeterminednoise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).

In some embodiments, event sorter 170 also includes a hit viewdetermination module 172 and/or an active event recognizer determinationmodule 173.

Hit view determination module 172 provides software procedures fordetermining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views,when touch sensitive display 112 displays more than one view. Views aremade up of controls and other elements that a user can see on thedisplay.

Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is aset of views, sometimes herein called application views or userinterface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-basedgestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) inwhich a touch is detected may correspond to programmatic levels within aprogrammatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, thelowest level view in which a touch is detected may be called the hitview, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs may bedetermined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touchthat begins a touch-based gesture.

Hit view determination module 172 receives information related tosub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multipleviews organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 172identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which shouldhandle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowestlevel view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (i.e., the firstsub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potentialevent). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determinationmodule, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to thesame touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.

Active event recognizer determination module 173 determines which viewor views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence ofsub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determinationmodule 173 determines that only the hit view should receive a particularsequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizerdetermination module 173 determines that all views that include thephysical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, andtherefore determines that all actively involved views should receive aparticular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touchsub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with oneparticular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain asactively involved views.

Event dispatcher module 174 dispatches the event information to an eventrecognizer (e.g., event recognizer 180). In embodiments including activeevent recognizer determination module 173, event dispatcher module 174delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined byactive event recognizer determination module 173. In some embodiments,event dispatcher module 174 stores in an event queue the eventinformation, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver module182.

In some embodiments, operating system 126 includes event sorter 170.Alternatively, application 136-1 includes event sorter 170. In yet otherembodiments, event sorter 170 is a stand-alone module, or a part ofanother module stored in memory 102, such as contact/motion module 130.

In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes a plurality of eventhandlers 190 and one or more application views 191, each of whichincludes instructions for handling touch events that occur within arespective view of the application's user interface. Each applicationview 191 of the application 136-1 includes one or more event recognizers180. Typically, a respective application view 191 includes a pluralityof event recognizers 180. In other embodiments, one or more of eventrecognizers 180 are part of a separate module, such as a user interfacekit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 136-1inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent handler 190 includes one or more of: data updater 176, objectupdater 177, GUI updater 178, and/or event data 179 received from eventsorter 170. Event handler 190 may utilize or call data updater 176,object updater 177 or GUI updater 178 to update the application internalstate 192. Alternatively, one or more of the application views 191includes one or more respective event handlers 190. Also, in someembodiments, one or more of data updater 176, object updater 177, andGUI updater 178 are included in a respective application view 191.

A respective event recognizer 180 receives event information (e.g.,event data 179) from event sorter 170, and identifies an event from theevent information. Event recognizer 180 includes event receiver 182 andevent comparator 184. In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 alsoincludes at least a subset of: metadata 183, and event deliveryinstructions 188 (which may include sub-event delivery instructions).

Event receiver 182 receives event information from event sorter 170. Theevent information includes information about a sub-event, for example, atouch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the eventinformation also includes additional information, such as location ofthe sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch the eventinformation may also include speed and direction of the sub-event. Insome embodiments, events include rotation of the device from oneorientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscapeorientation, or vice versa), and the event information includescorresponding information about the current orientation (also calleddevice attitude) of the device.

Event comparator 184 compares the event information to predefined eventor sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines anevent or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event orsub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator 184 includes eventdefinitions 186. Event definitions 186 contain definitions of events(e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1(187-1), event 2 (187-2), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events inan event 187 include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touchmovement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, thedefinition for event 1 (187-1) is a double tap on a displayed object.The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) onthe displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first lift-off (touchend) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on thedisplayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second lift-off (touchend) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition forevent 2 (187-2) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, forexample, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for apredetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitivedisplay 112, and lift-off of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments,the event also includes information for one or more associated eventhandlers 190.

In some embodiments, event definition 187 includes a definition of anevent for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, eventcomparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which user-interfaceobject is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an applicationview in which three user-interface objects are displayed ontouch-sensitive display 112, when a touch is detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 112, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine whichof the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch(sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respectiveevent handler 190, the event comparator uses the result of the hit testto determine which event handler 190 should be activated. For example,event comparator 184 selects an event handler associated with thesub-event and the object triggering the hit test.

In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event 187 alsoincludes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event informationuntil after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-eventsdoes or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.

When a respective event recognizer 180 determines that the series ofsub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 186, therespective event recognizer 180 enters an event impossible, eventfailed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequentsub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other eventrecognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue totrack and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 includes metadata183 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate howthe event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to activelyinvolved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata 183 includesconfigurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how eventrecognizers may interact with one another. In some embodiments, metadata183 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicatewhether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view orprogrammatic hierarchy.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 activates eventhandler 190 associated with an event when one or more particularsub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respectiveevent recognizer 180 delivers event information associated with theevent to event handler 190. Activating an event handler 190 is distinctfrom sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view.In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 throws a flag associated withthe recognized event, and event handler 190 associated with the flagcatches the flag and performs a predefined process.

In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 188 include sub-eventdelivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-eventwithout activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event deliveryinstructions deliver event information to event handlers associated withthe series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlersassociated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved viewsreceive the event information and perform a predetermined process.

In some embodiments, data updater 176 creates and updates data used inapplication 136-1. For example, data updater 176 updates the telephonenumber used in contacts module 137, or stores a video file used in videoplayer module 145. In some embodiments, object updater 177 creates andupdates objects used in application 136-1. For example, object updater176 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of auser-interface object. GUI updater 178 updates the GUI. For example, GUIupdater 178 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module132 for display on a touch-sensitive display.

In some embodiments, event handler(s) 190 includes or has access to dataupdater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178. In someembodiments, data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178are included in a single module of a respective application 136-1 orapplication view 191. In other embodiments, they are included in two ormore software modules.

It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding eventhandling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies toother forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 100 withinput-devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens, e.g.,coordinating mouse movement and mouse button presses with or withoutsingle or multiple keyboard presses or holds, user movements taps,drags, scrolls, etc., on touch-pads, pen stylus inputs, movement of thedevice, oral instructions, detected eye movements, biometric inputs,and/or any combination thereof, which may be utilized as inputscorresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device 100 having a touchscreen 112 in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen maydisplay one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 200. In thisembodiment, as well as others described below, a user may select one ormore of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example,with one or more fingers 202 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or oneor more styluses 203 (not drawn to scale in the figure). In someembodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the userbreaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, thegesture may include one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left toright, right to left, upward and/or downward) and/or a rolling of afinger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) thathas made contact with device 100. In some embodiments, inadvertentcontact with a graphic may not select the graphic. For example, a swipegesture that sweeps over an application icon may not select thecorresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection isa tap.

Device 100 may also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home”or menu button 204. As described previously, menu button 204 may be usedto navigate to any application 136 in a set of applications that may beexecuted on device 100. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menubutton is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen112.

In one embodiment, device 100 includes touch screen 112, menu button204, push button 206 for powering the device on/off and locking thedevice, volume adjustment button(s) 208, Subscriber Identity Module(SIM) card slot 210, head set jack 212, and docking/charging externalport 124. Push button 206 may be used to turn the power on/off on thedevice by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressedstate for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressingthe button and releasing the button before the predefined time intervalhas elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process.In an alternative embodiment, device 100 also may accept verbal inputfor activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone 113.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with someembodiments. Device 300 need not be portable. In some embodiments,device 300 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer,a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device(such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device(e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device 300 typically includesone or more processing units (CPU's) 310, one or more network or othercommunications interfaces 360, memory 370, and one or more communicationbuses 320 for interconnecting these components. Communication buses 320may include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnectsand controls communications between system components. Device 300includes input/output (I/O) interface 330 comprising display 340, whichis typically a touch screen display. I/O interface 330 also may includea keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device) 350 and touchpad 355.Memory 370 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM,DDR RAM or other random access solid state memory devices; and mayinclude non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storagedevices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or othernon-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory 370 may optionallyinclude one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s) 310. Insome embodiments, memory 370 stores programs, modules, and datastructures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structuresstored in memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG. 1), or asubset thereof. Furthermore, memory 370 may store additional programs,modules, and data structures not present in memory 102 of portablemultifunction device 100. For example, memory 370 of device 300 maystore drawing module 380, presentation module 382, word processingmodule 384, website creation module 386, disk authoring module 388,and/or spreadsheet module 390, while memory 102 of portablemultifunction device 100 (FIG. 1) may not store these modules.

Each of the above identified elements in FIG. 3 may be stored in one ormore of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the aboveidentified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing afunction described above. The above identified modules or programs(i.e., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separatesoftware programs, procedures or modules, and thus various subsets ofthese modules may be combined or otherwise re-arranged in variousembodiments. In some embodiments, memory 370 may store a subset of themodules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 370may store additional modules and data structures not described above.

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”)that may be implemented on portable multifunction device 100.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu ofapplications on portable multifunction device 100 in accordance withsome embodiments. Similar user interfaces may be implemented on device300. In some embodiments, user interface 400 includes the followingelements, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Signal strength indicator(s) 402 for wireless communication(s),        such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;    -   Time 404;    -   Bluetooth indicator 405;    -   Battery status indicator 406;    -   Tray 408 with icons for frequently used applications, such as:        -   Phone 138, which may include an indicator 414 of the number            of missed calls or voicemail messages;        -   E-mail client 140, which may include an indicator 410 of the            number of unread e-mails;        -   Browser 147; and        -   Video and music player 152, also referred to as iPod            (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 152; and    -   Icons for other applications, such as:        -   IM 141;        -   Image management 144;        -   Camera 143;        -   Weather 149-1;        -   Stocks 149-2;        -   Books 142;        -   Calendar 148;        -   Alarm clock 149-4;        -   Map 154;        -   Notes 153;        -   Settings 412, which provides access to settings for device            100 and its various applications 136; and        -   Online video module 155, also referred to as YouTube            (trademark of Google Inc.) module 155.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g.,device 300, FIG. 3) with a touch-sensitive surface 451 (e.g., a tabletor touchpad 355, FIG. 3) that is separate from the display 450 (e.g.,touch screen display 112). Although many of the examples which followwill be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display 112(where the touch sensitive surface and the display are combined), insome embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surfacethat is separate from the display, as shown in FIG. 4B. In someembodiments the touch sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG. 4B) has aprimary axis (e.g., 452 in FIG. 4B) that corresponds to a primary axis(e.g., 453 in FIG. 4B) on the display (e.g., 450). In accordance withthese embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g., 460 and 462 inFIG. 4B) with the touch-sensitive surface 451 at locations thatcorrespond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in FIG. 4B, 460corresponds to 468 and 462 corresponds to 470). In this way, user inputs(e.g., contacts 460 and 462, and movements thereof) detected by thedevice on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG. 4B) are used bythe device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g., 450 inFIG. 4B) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface isseparate from the display. It should be understood that similar methodsmay be used for other user interfaces described herein.

User Interfaces and Associated Processes

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces (“UI”)and associated processes that may be implemented on an electronic devicewith a display and a touch-sensitive surface, such as device 300 orportable multifunction device 100.

FIGS. 5A-5Q illustrate exemplary user interfaces for navigating andannotating an electronic document in accordance with some embodiments.The user interfaces in these figures are used to illustrate theprocesses described below, including the processes in FIGS. 6A-6C, 7,8A-8B.

FIG. 5A illustrates user interface (UI) 500-A. UI 500-A includes a pageof an electronic document (e.g., an electronic textbook, electronicbook, electronic magazine, a Portable Document Format (PDF) document,word processing document, webpage, spreadsheet, desktop publishingdocument, slideshow document, drawing document, etc.) displayed ontouch-sensitive display 112 of a device (e.g., device 100). Electronicdocument 501 includes content, such as text (e.g., body text 502, titleor heading text 503) and graphical objects 504 (e.g., photos, charts,graphs, figures, etc.). In some embodiments, a page number 505 is alsodisplayed; page number 505-1 shows that page 23 of electronic document501-1 is being displayed on display 112.

In some embodiments, electronic document 501 is displayed on display 112in one of two modes—a navigation mode or an annotation mode. Whenelectronic document 501 is displayed in navigation mode, the focus is onefficient navigation (e.g., navigating between pages and betweenchapters, scrolling, etc.); simple gestures are directed to navigationoperations, and more complex gestures (e.g., composite gestures withmultiple components, such as a tap plus a swipe) are directed to otheroperations or features (e.g., annotation). When electronic document 501is displayed in annotation mode, the focus is on efficient annotation(e.g., commenting, highlighting, bookmarking, etc.); simple gestures aredirected to annotation operations, and more complex gestures aredirected to other operations or features (e.g., navigation). In FIG. 5A,electronic document 501 is displayed in navigation mode.

Gesture 506 by a user is detected on touch-sensitive display 112.Gesture 506 includes movement in direction 507. In some embodiments,gesture 506 is a swipe or drag gesture.

FIG. 5B illustrates UI 500-B, which includes a page 22 of electronicdocument 501-1, as indicated by page number 505-2, displayed on display112 in navigation mode. In response to detection of gesture 506 (FIG.5A), device 100 replaces page 23 of electronic document 501-1 (FIG. 5A)with page 22 of electronic document 501-1; device 100 navigates to adifferent page within electronic document 501-1. Page 22, as with page23, may include content, such as text (e.g., body text 502-2) andgraphical objects.

In FIG. 5B, gesture 510 by the user is detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 112 over text portion 508-1. Gesture 510 includes movement indirection 512. In some embodiments, gesture 506 is a tap plus swipe (ortap plus drag) gesture, where the finger digit taps (510-1)touch-sensitive display 112, then contacts touch-sensitive display againand swipes (510-2) (or drags) across display 112 in direction 512. Insome embodiments, a virtual loupe is displayed when gesture 510-2 isdetected; the loupe magnifies for the user the text in proximity of thecontact in gesture 510-2 as gesture 510-2 moves on touch-sensitivedisplay 112.

FIG. 5C illustrates UI 500-C, which includes a page 22 of electronicdocument 501-1 with text portion 508-1 highlighted with highlighting514-1. In response to detection of gesture 510 (FIG. 5B) over textportion 508-1, text portion 508-1 is highlighted. Highlighting 514 is aform of annotation analogous to highlighting content on a printeddocument with a highlighter pen, and is not merely a transienthighlighting for selection purposes as in text selection for copying andpasting. In some embodiments, the color, type, and/or style ofhighlighting 514 may be selected by the user, or default to a predefineddefault color/type/style or to the last user-selected color/type/styleif the user does not affirmatively select a color/type/style.

FIG. 5D illustrates UI 500-D. UI 500-D includes a page 23 of electronicdocument 501-1, displayed on touch-sensitive display 112 in annotationmode. In some embodiments, annotation toolbar 516 is displayed ondisplay 112 when the device is in annotation mode. Annotation toolbar516 is not displayed when page 23 is displayed in navigation mode (FIGS.5A-5C). Annotation toolbar 516 includes buttons corresponding toannotation features (e.g., highlighting, commenting, bookmarking). Userselection of a button in annotation toolbar 516 (e.g., by a tap gestureon a respective button) activates the corresponding feature.

Gesture 518 by the user is detected on touch-sensitive display 112 overtext portion 508-2. Gesture 518 includes movement in direction 520.Gesture 518 is the same type of gesture as gesture 506 (FIG. 5A). Insome embodiments, gesture 518 is a swipe or drag gesture.

FIG. 5E illustrates UI 500-E, which includes page 23 of electronicdocument 501-1 with text portion 508-2 highlighted with highlighting514-2. In response to detection of gesture 518 (FIG. 5D) over textportion 508-2, text portion 508-2 is highlighted. Annotation toolbar 516remains displayed because the device remains in annotation mode.

In FIG. 5E, gesture 522 by the user is detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 112. Gesture 522 includes movement in direction 524. Gesture 522is the same type of gesture as gesture 510 (FIG. 5B). In someembodiments, gesture 522 is a tap plus swipe (or drag) gesture, wherethe finger digit taps (522-1) touch-sensitive display 112, then contactstouch-sensitive display again and swipes (522-2) (or drags) acrossdisplay 112 in direction 524.

FIG. 5F illustrates UI 500-F, which displays page 22 of electronicdocument 501-1 on display 112 in annotation mode, as indicated byannotation toolbar 516 remaining displayed. In response to detection ofgesture 522 (FIG. 5E), device 100 replaces page 23 (FIG. 5E) with page22 of electronic document 501-1; device 100 navigates to a differentpage within electronic document 501-1.

In some embodiments, when displaying electronic document 501, device 100toggles between navigation mode and annotation mode in response to thedetection of a predefined gesture (e.g., gestures 526 and/or 528 or someother predefined gesture). FIG. 5G illustrates UI 500-G, which includespage 22 of electronic document 501-1 displayed on display 112.Annotation toolbar 516 is also displayed, indicating that electronicdocument 501-1 is being displayed in annotation mode.

Gestures 526 and/or 528 by the user are detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 112. In some embodiments, both gestures 526 and 528 are drumminggestures, each using a respective hand (e.g., gesture 526 is performedusing the left hand and gesture 528 the right hand). For example,gesture 526 includes finger contacts 526-A thru 526-D detected insequence, and gesture 528 includes finger digit contacts 528-A thru528-D detected in sequence. In gesture 526, contact 526-A (correspondingto the left pinky) is detected first, then contact 526-B (correspondingto the left ring finger), then contact 526-C (corresponding to the leftmiddle finger), and then contact 526-D (corresponding to the left indexfinger). The sequence of detected contacts is analogous for gesture 528using the right hand. In some embodiments, gesture 526 and/or 528correspond to a predefined gesture for toggling between annotation modeand navigation mode, as described above; depending on the embodiment,the predefined gesture includes a drumming gesture using one hand (as ineither gesture 526 or 528) or both hands (as in both gesture 526 and 528detected simultaneously or within a predefined time period of each other(e.g., less than 0.5 second apart).

In response to detection of gesture 526 and/or 528, device 100 switchesto navigation mode, as shown in FIG. 5H. FIG. 5H illustrates UI 500-H,which includes electronic document 501-1, with body text 502 displayedon display 112 in navigation mode, as indicated by the absence ofannotation toolbar 516.

While electronic document 501 is displayed in navigation mode, as shownin FIG. 5H, the user may perform a drumming gesture(s) analogous togestures 526 and/or 528 to switch back to annotation mode. When switchedback to annotation mode, annotation toolbar 516 is displayed.

FIG. 5I illustrates UI 500-I. UI 500-I includes a page of electronicdocument 501-2 displayed on touch-sensitive display 112 of device 100that includes touch-sensitive display 112 and a touch-sensitive surfacedistinct from touch-sensitive display 112 (e.g., a touch-sensitivesurface on the back or sides of device 100). The electronic documentincludes content (e.g., body text 529, analogous to body text 502).

Gestures 530 and/or 532 by the user are detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 112. In some embodiments, gestures 530 and 532 are drumminggestures. Gestures 530 and 532 are analogous to gestures 526 and 528,respectively, and thus further details are omitted here.

In response to detection of gestures 530 and/or 532 (depending on theembodiment, one or both hands performing the drumming gesture isneeded), soft keyboard 534 is displayed on display 112, as shown in FIG.5J. FIG. 5J illustrates UI 500-J, which includes soft keyboard 534displayed over a portion of electronic document 501-2. Soft keyboard 534is an unsplit soft keyboard (i.e., the keyboard keys are not distributedamongst two non-adjacent, non-contiguous portions). The user may usesoft keyboard 534 to annotate (e.g., input notes or comments) electronicdocument 501-2.

In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface distinct fromtouch-sensitive display 112 is on the side of the device opposite oftouch-sensitive display 112 (e.g., touch-sensitive display 112 is on thefront side and the distinct touch-sensitive surface is on the backside). Examples of touch-sensitive surfaces distinct from thetouch-sensitive display are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 12/849,769, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interfacewith Enhanced Touch Targeting,” filed Aug. 3, 2010, which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIG. 5K illustrates UI 500-K, which includes electronic document 501-2,with body text 529, displayed on touch-sensitive display 112 of device100 that includes a touch-sensitive surface on the back side, oppositethe front side that has display 112. Left hand 536-A and right hand536-B are holding device 100, with the thumbs on the front side and thenon-thumb finger digits on the back side (as indicated by the dottedlines indicating the finger digits).

Gestures 538 and 540 are detected on the touch-sensitive surface on theback side of device 100. In some embodiments, gestures 538 and 540 areeach drumming gestures. For example, gesture 538 includes fingercontacts 538-A thru 538-D detected in sequence, and gesture 540 includesfinger digit contacts 540-A thru 540-D detected in sequence. In gesture538, contact 538-A (corresponding to the left pinky) is detected first,then contact 538-B (corresponding to the left ring finger), then contact538-C (corresponding to the left middle finger), and then contact 538-D(corresponding to the left index finger). The sequence of detectedcontacts is analogous for gesture 540 using the right hand.

In response to detection of gestures 538 and/or 540 (depending on theembodiment, one or both hands performing the drumming gesture isneeded), integrated input area 541 with split soft keyboard 542 isdisplayed on display 112, as shown in FIG. 5L. FIG. 5L illustrates UI500-L, which includes split soft keyboard 542 displayed over a portionof electronic document 501-2. In some embodiments, split soft keyboard542 is part of an integrated input area 541 displayed on display 112.Examples of integrated input areas including split soft keyboards aredisclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/410,862,entitled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for ManipulatingSoft Keyboards,” filed Nov. 5, 2010, which is incorporated by referencein its entirety. The user may use split soft keyboard 542 to annotate(e.g., input notes or comments) electronic document 501-2. Thus, adifferent soft keyboard is displayed depending on where a predefinedgesture associated with activating display of the keyboard is detected.The location of the gesture detection serves as a signal to the likelypositioning of the user's hands with respect to typing, and theappropriate keyboard is displayed in response.

FIG. 5M illustrates UI 500-M, which includes electronic document 501-3displayed on touch-sensitive display 112 of device 100. Electronicdocument 501-3 includes body text 543 and highlighting 544 (similar tohighlighting 514, FIGS. 5C and 5E) over a portion of body text 543.Highlighting 544 may be of a particular type (e.g., a particular color,a particular style (e.g., underline, colored highlighting analogous tousing a highlighter pen on paper). Highlighting 544 is user-specified(e.g., in accordance with the examples illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5F).

Gesture 548 by the user, over text segment 546, is detected ontouch-sensitive display 112. Text segment 546 is within the portion ofbody text 543 that is highlighted by highlighting 544. Gesture 548includes movement in direction 550 and is initiated at a location ondisplay 112 corresponding to a location within highlighting 544. In someembodiments, gesture 548 is a swipe gesture.

FIG. 5N illustrates UI 500-N, which includes electronic document 501-3with a portion of body text 544 highlighted with highlighting 544. Inresponse to detection of gesture 548 (FIG. 5M) over text segment 546,text segment 546 is highlighted with underlining 552. In someembodiments, instead of underling 552, text segment 546 is highlightedwith highlighting of a different color than highlighting 544. Forexample, text segment 546 if highlighting 544 is yellow, then textsegment 546 is highlighted with a non-yellow color (e.g., green), whilethe rest of highlighting 544 remains yellow.

In FIG. 5N, gesture 554 by the user is detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 112. Gesture 554 includes movement in direction 556 towardhighlighting 544. Gesture 554 is initiated at a location on display 112corresponding to a location on the topmost line of text that is at leastpartially highlighted by highlighting 544 (the line “the Union than aparticular member of it; in the same”) and in proximity (e.g., within 10pixels or 1 cm) of the edge of highlighting 544 for that line of text.In some embodiments, gesture 554 is a swipe or drag gesture.

FIG. 5O illustrates UI 500-O, which includes electronic document 501-3,with text 543, displayed. In response to detection of gesture 554 (FIG.5N) in proximity of the edge of highlighting 544, highlighting 544 over“members of it, in the same” in the line “the Union than a particularmember of it; in the same” is contracted to highlight “the same,”instead of adding highlighting of the second type. Underlining 552highlighting text portion 546 remains displayed.

In FIG. 5O, gesture 558 by the user is detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 112. Gesture 558 includes movement in direction 560 away fromhighlighting 544. Gesture 558 is initiated at a location on display 112corresponding to a location on the bottom-most line of text that is atleast partially highlighted by highlighting 544 (the line “pride we feelin being republicans, ought to be our zeal in”) and in proximity (e.g.,within 10 pixels or 1 cm) of the edge of highlighting 544 for that lineof text. In some embodiments, gesture 558 is a swipe or drag gesture.

FIG. 5P illustrates UI 500-P, which includes electronic document 501-3,with text 543, displayed. In response to detection of gesture 558 (FIG.5O) in proximity of the edge of highlighting 544, highlighting 544 over“pride we feel in being republicans” in the line “pride we feel in beingrepublicans, ought to be our zeal in” is expanded to highlight “pride wefeel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in,” instead of addinghighlighting of the second type. Underlining 552 highlighting textportion 546 remains displayed.

In FIG. 5P, gesture 562 by the user is detected on touch-sensitivedisplay 112. Gesture 562 includes movement in direction 564 and isinitiated at a location on display 112 corresponding to a location ontext 543 that does not include any highlighting. Gesture 562 moves overtext portion 566. In some embodiments, gesture 562 is a swipe or draggesture.

FIG. 5Q illustrates UI 500-Q, which includes electronic document 501-3,with text 543, displayed. In response to detection of gesture 562 (FIG.5P), text portion 566 (the text “A rage for paper money, for anabolition of debts,”) is highlighted with highlighting 568. In someembodiments, highlighting 568 is of the same type as highlighting 544.For example, if highlighting 544 is yellow color, highlighting 568 isalso yellow color. In some other embodiments, highlighting 568 may be ofa different type than highlighting 544 (e.g., different color,underlining vs. regular highlighting). In some embodiments, ifhighlighting 568 extends to the text immediately preceding highlighting544, so that highlighting 568 and 544 together highlight a contiguouspassage of text without intervening un-highlighted text, highlighting568 and 544 may be merged into one larger area of highlighting.

FIGS. 6A-6C are flow diagrams illustrating a method 600 of navigatingand annotating an electronic document in accordance with someembodiments. The method 600 is performed at an electronic device (e.g.,device 300, FIG. 3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG. 1) with adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the displayis a touch screen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on thedisplay. In some embodiments, the display is separate from thetouch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the device includes atouch-sensitive display and a touch-sensitive surface distinct from thetouch-sensitive display. Some operations in method 600 may be combinedand/or the order of some operations may be changed.

As described below, the method 600 provides an intuitive way to navigateand annotate an electronic document. The method simplifies the procedurefor navigation when a navigation-focused mode is active, yet stillenables annotation in the navigation-focused mode. Conversely, themethod simplifies the procedure for annotation when anannotation-focused mode is active, yet still enables navigation in theannotation-focused mode. For battery-operated electronic devices,enabling a user to navigate and annotate an electronic document fasterand more efficiently conserves power and increases the time betweenbattery charges.

The method 600 is performed at an electronic device having a display anda touch-sensitive surface, where the device is configured to operate ina first operational mode at some times and in a second operational modedistinct from the first operational mode at other times (602). In otherwords, during a first time period the device operates in the firstoperational mode, and during a second time period the device operates inthe second operational mode, and the first time period does not overlapwith the second time period (e.g., the device switches from a navigationmode to an annotation mode in response to user input). For example,device 100 (FIGS. 5A, 5D, 5G, 5H) may display electronic document 501 ina navigation mode (where the emphasis is on moving through the document,e.g., by turning pages or scrolling) or an annotation mode (where theemphasis is on annotating a displayed page).

In some embodiments, the first operational mode is anavigation-preferred mode; and the second operational mode is anannotation-preferred mode (604). For example, as described above withreference to FIG. 5A, in navigation mode, the focus is on efficientnavigation, and in annotation mode, the focus is on efficientannotation.

In some embodiments, while the device is in a navigation-preferred mode,a plurality of simple gestures are associated with corresponding basicnavigation operations, and a plurality of composite gestures areassociated with corresponding basic annotation operations, where acomposite gesture has multiple components including a single continuouscontact on the touch-sensitive surface and at least one other component(606). In other words, in navigation-preferred mode, navigation ispreferred and can thus be performed using simple gestures, butannotation is possible using more complex gestures. In some embodiments,a simple gesture consists of a single continuous contact on thetouch-sensitive surface, such as a drag or swipe gesture. In someembodiments, a composite gesture includes a simple gesture and one ormore additional gesture components (e.g., taps, swipes, additionalcontacts, etc.).

In some embodiments, while the device is in an annotation-preferredmode, a plurality of simple gestures are associated with correspondingbasic annotation operations; and a plurality of composite gestures areassociated with corresponding basic navigation operations, where acomposite gesture has multiple components including a single continuouscontact on the touch-sensitive surface and at least one other component(608). In other words, in annotation-preferred mode, annotation ispreferred and can thus be performed using simple gestures, butnavigation is possible using more complex gestures. In some embodiments,a simple gesture consists of a single continuous contact on thetouch-sensitive surface, such as a drag or swipe gesture. In someembodiments, a composite gesture includes a simple gesture and one ormore additional gesture components (e.g., taps, swipes, additionalcontacts, etc.).

For example, as described above with reference to FIG. 5A, in navigationmode, simple gestures are directed to navigation, and more complexgestures (e.g., composite gestures) are directed to other operations orfeatures, such as annotation. In annotation mode, simple gestures aredirected to annotation, and more complex gestures are directed to otheroperations or features, such as navigation.

The device detects a first gesture on the touch-sensitive surface havinga first gesture type (e.g., a swipe gesture) (610). For example, in FIG.5A, gesture 506 is detected. As another example, in FIG. 5D, gesture518, which is of the same type as gesture 506, is detected.

In response to detecting the first gesture (612), in accordance with adetermination that the device is in the first operational mode, thedevice performs an operation having a first operation type (e.g.,navigate) (614); and in accordance with a determination that the deviceis in the second operational mode, the device performs an operationhaving a second operation type distinct from the first operation type(e.g., highlight) (616). For example, in FIGS. 5A-5B, in response todetection of gesture 506 and a determination by device 100 that gesture506 took place in navigation mode, device 100 navigates to a differentpage (e.g., by displaying a different page) in electronic document501-1. In FIGS. 5D-5E, in response to detection of gesture 518 and adetermination by device 100 that gesture 518 took place in annotationmode, text portion 508-2 in text 502-1 is highlighted with highlighting514-2.

In some embodiments, the operation performed at the device in responseto detecting the first gesture is determined based at least in part on alocation and/or direction of the first gesture on the touch-sensitivesurface (618). For example, if the operation performed at the device inresponse to detecting the first gesture is a highlighting operation, thehighlighted portion of the document is a portion of the documentproximate to a location on the display that corresponds to a location ofthe first gesture on the touch-sensitive surface. In contrast, if theoperation performed at the device in response to detecting the firstgesture is a navigation operation, the document advances to anotherportion in accordance with the direction of the first gesture (e.g., aswipe to the right may navigate to a previous page of the document whilea swipe to the left navigates to a next page of the document). Forexample, in FIGS. 5A-5B, display of page 23 of electronic document 505-1is replaced with display of page 22 in response to detection of gesture506 moving in direction 507. In FIGS. 5D-5E, text portion 508-2 ishighlighted with highlighting 514-2 in response to detection of gesture518 going over the location corresponding to text portion 508-2.

The device detects a second gesture on the touch-sensitive surfacehaving a second gesture type (e.g., a tap and swipe gesture) distinctfrom the first gesture type (620). For example, in FIG. 5B, gesture 510,which is a different type of gesture from gesture 506, is detected. Asanother example, in FIG. 5E, gesture 522, which is the same type asgesture 510 and a different type of gesture from gesture 518, isdetected.

In response to detecting the second gesture (622), in accordance with adetermination that the device is in the first operational mode, thedevice performs an operation having the second operation type (e.g.,highlight) (624), and in accordance with a determination that the deviceis in the second operational mode, the device performs an operationhaving the first operation type (e.g., navigate) (626). For example, inFIGS. 5B-5C, in response to detection of gesture 510 and a determinationby device 100 that gesture 510 took place in navigation mode, textportion 508-1 is highlighted with highlighting 514-1. In FIGS. 5E-5F, inresponse to detection of gesture 522 and a determination by device 100that gesture 522 took place in annotation mode, device 100 navigates toa different page (e.g., by displaying a different page) in electronicdocument 501-1.

In some embodiments, the operation performed at the device in responseto detecting the second gesture is determined based at least in part ona location and/or direction of the second gesture on the touch-sensitivesurface (628). For example, if the operation performed at the device inresponse to detecting the second gesture is a highlighting operation,the highlighted portion of the document is a portion of the documentproximate to a location on the display that corresponds to a location ofthe second gesture on the touch-sensitive surface. In contrast, if theoperation performed at the device in response to detecting the secondgesture is a navigation operation, the document advances to anotherportion in accordance with the direction of the second gesture (e.g., aswipe to the right may navigate to a previous page of the document whilea swipe to the left navigates to a next page of the document). Forexample, in FIGS. 5B-5C, text portion 508-1 is highlighted withhighlighting 514-1 in response to detection of gesture 510 going overthe location corresponding to text portion 508-1. In FIGS. 5E-5F,display of page 23 of electronic document 505-1 is replaced with displayof page 22 in response to detection of gesture 522 moving in direction524.

In some embodiments, the display is displaying an electronic document(e.g., a webpage, word processing document, spreadsheet, desktoppublishing document, slideshow document, drawing document, book, etc.),the first operation type is a navigation operation (e.g., advancingthrough pages of a document and/or scrolling through a document in oneor two dimensions), and the second operation type is an annotationoperation (e.g., highlighting text in the document or adding a note orother annotation to a portion of the document) (630). For example, inFIGS. 5A-5F, display 112 is displaying electronic document 501-1. Theoperation types applied in response to detected gestures include anavigation operation (e.g., navigating from page 23 to page 22 ofelectronic document 501-1) and an annotation operation (e.g.,highlighting portions of text 502).

In some embodiments, the first gesture type is simpler to perform thanthe second gesture type (632). In some embodiments, the second gestureincludes all of the components of the first gesture and additionalcomponents that occur prior to or after the components of the firstgesture type. For example, gesture 506 may be a swipe gesture, andgesture 510 may be a tap gesture 510-1 plus a swipe gesture 510-2.

In some embodiments, the first gesture type is a swipe gesture and thesecond gesture type is a tap and swipe gesture (634). For example,gesture 506 may be a swipe gesture, and gesture 510 may be a tap andswipe gesture (tap gesture 510-1 plus swipe gesture 510-2). In someembodiments, the first gesture type is a tap and swipe gesture and thesecond gesture type is a double tap and swipe gesture (not shown).

In some embodiments, the first gesture type is single contact gestureand the second gesture type is a multi contact gesture. (e.g., the firstgesture type is a single contact swipe, and the second gesture type is asingle contact swipe while simultaneously detecting an additional“chording” contact) (636). For example, the first gesture type may be aswipe gesture, and the second gesture type may be a swipe gesture plus asimultaneous, distinct finger contact (e.g., using another finger digiton the hand not performing the swipe gesture) on the touch-sensitivesurface. As an example, gesture 510 (FIG. 5C) may be, instead of a tapplus swipe gesture, a swipe gesture (e.g., gesture 510-2) plus asimultaneous, distinct finger contact.

In some embodiments, the device switches from the first operational modeto the second operational mode in response to detecting a predefinedgesture (638). In some embodiments, the predefined gesture is asequential multi-contact gesture (e.g., a “finger drumming gesture”), asdescribed in greater detail below. In some embodiments, when the devicedetects the same predefined gesture while the device is already in thesecond operational mode, the device switches or toggles from the secondoperational mode to the first operational mode.

In some embodiments, the device switches from the first operational modeto the second operational mode in response to detecting a fingerdrumming gesture on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a sequentialmulti-contact gesture that is consistent with a person drumming theirnon-thumb fingers on the touch-sensitive surface) (640). For example,device 100, while displaying electronic document 501, may switch fromannotation mode to navigation mode, and vice versa, in response todrumming gesture(s) 526 and/or 528 (depending on the embodiment, thepredefined gesture is a drumming gesture using one hand or a gesturewith both hands drumming substantially simultaneously). Gesture 526includes contacts 526-A thru 526-D detected in sequence. Gesture 528includes contacts 528-A thru 526-D detected in sequence.

In some embodiments, the finger drumming gesture is a two-handed fingerdrumming gesture (642). For example, the predefined finger drumminggesture may be gestures 526 (left hand) and 528 (right hand) performedsubstantially simultaneously (e.g., within 0.5 seconds of each other).

In some embodiments, the device includes a touch-sensitive surface thatis distinct from the display and the touch sensitive surface ispositioned on a side of the device (e.g., the back) that does notinclude the display (644). For example, as described above withreference to FIG. 5K, device 100 may have a touch-sensitive surface on aside opposite of display 112. Gestures (gestures 538, 540) may beperformed on the backside touch-sensitive surface.

In some embodiments, the device displays a graphical user interfaceelement in response to switching from the first operational mode to thesecond operational mode. In some embodiments, the graphical userinterface element is a keyboard, a game controller, etc. For example,when device 100 switches from navigation mode to annotation mode,annotation toolbar 516 may be displayed.

In some embodiments, a method for navigating and annotating anelectronic document is performed at an electronic device having adisplay and a touch-sensitive surface. The method includes, while thedevice is in a first operational mode (e.g., navigation mode): detectinga first gesture on the touch-sensitive surface having a first gesturetype (e.g., tap and swipe), and in response to detecting the firstgesture, performing a first operation having a first operation type(e.g., navigate); and detecting a second gesture on the touch-sensitivesurface having a second gesture type (e.g., double tap and swipe) thatis distinct from the first gesture type, and in response to detectingthe second gesture, performing a second operation having a secondoperation type (e.g., highlight) that is distinct from the firstoperation type. The method also includes, while the device is in asecond operational mode; detecting a third gesture on thetouch-sensitive surface having the first gesture type (e.g., tap andswipe), and in response to detecting the third gesture, performing athird operation having the second operation type (e.g., highlight); anddetecting the fourth gesture on the touch-sensitive surface having thesecond gesture type (e.g., double tap and swipe), and in response todetecting the fourth gesture, performing a fourth operation having thefirst operation type (e.g., navigate).

For example, in FIGS. 5A-5C, in response to detecting gesture 506 whilein navigation mode, device 100 navigates to a different page (e.g., bydisplaying a different page) in electronic document 501-1; and inresponse to detecting gesture 510 while in navigation mode, text portion508-1 is highlighted with highlighting 514-1. In FIGS. 5D-5F, inresponse to detecting gesture 518 while in annotation mode, text portion508-2 in text 502-1 is highlighted with highlighting 514-2; and inresponse to detecting gesture 522 while in annotation mode, device 100navigates to a different page (e.g., by displaying a different page) inelectronic document 501-1.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 700 of displaying a splitkeyboard or an unsplit keyboard in accordance with some embodiments. Themethod 700 is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG.3, or portable multifunction device 100, FIG. 1) with a touch-sensitivedisplay and a touch-sensitive surface that is distinct from thetouch-sensitive display. Some operations in method 700 may be combinedand/or the order of some operations may be changed.

As described below, the method 700 provides an intuitive way to displaya split keyboard or an unsplit keyboard. The method displays a keyboardbest suited to the user's likely hand position, thereby creating a moreefficient text entry experience. For battery-operated electronicdevices, enabling a user to display the proper keyboard faster and moreefficiently conserves power and increases the time between batterycharges.

The method is performed at an electronic device having a touch-sensitivedisplay and a touch-sensitive surface that is distinct from thetouch-sensitive display (702). In some embodiments, the touch-sensitivedisplay is located on a first side (e.g., the front side of a tabletcomputer or the top inner side of clamshell/notebook computer) of thedevice and the touch-sensitive surface is located on a second side(e.g., the back side of a tablet computer or the bottom inner side of aclamshell/notebook computer) of the device that is distinct from thefirst side (704). For example, device 100 as illustrated in FIGS. 5I-5Lhas touch-sensitive display 112 and a touch-sensitive surface distinctfrom touch-sensitive display 112. As described with reference to FIG.5K, the touch-sensitive surface may be on a side distinct from the sidewith touch-sensitive display 112.

The device detects a predefined gesture (706). In some embodiments, thepredefined gesture is a finger drumming gesture (e.g., a sequentialmulti-contact gesture that is consistent with a person drumming theirfingers on the touch-sensitive surface) (708). For example, in FIGS. 5Iand 5K, drumming gestures 530/532 and 538/540 are detected ontouch-sensitive display 112 and the distinct touch-sensitive surface,respectively.

In response to detecting the predefined gesture, the device displays acharacter input user interface on the display (710). The character inputuser interface includes a soft keyboard which is split or unsplit,depending on where the predefined gesture is detected.

In accordance with detection of the predefined gesture on thetouch-sensitive surface, the character input user interface includes asplit keyboard (e.g., as part of an integrated input area) (712). Insome embodiments, a split keyboard includes a right side having a firstplurality of character keys and a left side having a second plurality ofcharacter keys. In some embodiments, the first plurality includes one ormore character keys that are not included in the second plurality. Insome embodiments, the second plurality includes one or more characterkeys that are not included in the first plurality. In some embodiments,the first plurality is distinct from the second plurality. For example,in response to detection of gestures 538/540 and a determination thatgestures 538/540 are detected on the distinct touch-sensitive surface,integrated input area 541 with split soft keyboard 542 is displayed ondisplay 112.

In accordance with detection of the predefined gesture on thetouch-sensitive display, the character input user interface includes anunsplit keyboard. (e.g., a single, unitary or merged keyboard thatincludes character keys from the left and right sides of the splitkeyboard) (714). For example, in response to detection of gestures530/532 and a determination that gestures 530/532 are detected ontouch-sensitive display 112, unsplit soft keyboard 534 is displayed ondisplay 112.

By displaying a split or unsplit keyboard depending on whichtouch-sensitive surface the gesture is performed, the device displays akeyboard best suited to how the user is holding the device at thatmoment (with the gesture on the display corresponding to the deviceplaced on a surface, and thus suited for touch typing with the unsplitkeyboard; and the gesture on the touch-sensitive surface correspondingto the user holding the device with one or both hands, and thus suitedfor two-thumb typing with a split keyboard.

FIGS. 8A-8B are flow diagrams illustrating a method 800 of annotating anelectronic document in accordance with some embodiments. The method 800is performed at an electronic device (e.g., device 300, FIG. 3, orportable multifunction device 100, FIG. 1) with a display and atouch-sensitive surface. In some embodiments, the display is a touchscreen display and the touch-sensitive surface is on the display. Insome embodiments, the display is separate from the touch-sensitivesurface. Some operations in method 800 may be combined and/or the orderof some operations may be changed.

As described below, the method 800 provides an intuitive way to add asecond type of highlighting to part of an area that is alreadyhighlighted. The method reduces the cognitive burden on a user whenadding a second type of highlighting, as the complexity of the procedureto add the second type of highlighting is reduced. For battery-operatedelectronic devices, enabling a user to annotate an electronic documentfaster and more efficiently conserves power and increases the timebetween battery charges.

The device displays a document having a user-specified highlighted areathat includes highlighting of a first type (802). For example, in FIG.5M, user-specified highlighting 544 is displayed on display 112.Highlighting 544 is of a first type (e.g., highlighting of a particularcolor).

The device detects a contact at an initial contact location on thetouch-sensitive surface that corresponds to an initial location on thedisplay (804). For example, in FIG. 5M, gesture 548 is detected ontouch-sensitive display 112. Gesture 548 initiates from the fingercontact at the location as illustrated in FIG. 5M.

The device detects movement of the contact on the touch-sensitivesurface (806). For example, gesture 548 (FIG. 5M) includes movement 550,which is detected by device 100.

In response to detecting the movement of the contact on thetouch-sensitive surface, in accordance with a determination that theinitial location on the display is within the highlighted area, thedevice adds highlighting of a second type distinct from the first typeto at least a portion of the highlighted area (e.g., in accordance withthe movement of the contact) (808). For example, in response todetection of gesture 548 over text portion 546, text portion 546 isunderlined with underlining 552, as illustrated in FIG. 5N. In someembodiments, the second type of highlighting is only added when theinitial location on the display is more than a predefined distance froman edge of the highlighted area. In other words, other operations (e.g.,extending or contracting the highlighting) may be performed if theinitial location on the display is less than a predefined distance froman edge of the highlighted area.

In some embodiments, the highlighting of the second type is coextensivewith at least a portion of the highlighting of the first type (810). Forexample, if a particular paragraph of text is already highlighted withyellow highlighting (e.g., highlighting 544, FIG. 5M), and the contactand subsequent movement cover a sentence within the paragraph (e.g.,gesture 548 over text portion 546, FIG. 5M), the sentence is underlinedso that the sentence is displayed with both yellow highlighting andunderlining (e.g., text portion 546 with highlighting 544 andunderlining 552, FIG. 5N).

In some embodiments, the highlighting of the second type replaces atleast a portion of the highlighting of the first type (812). Forexample, if a particular paragraph of text is already highlighted withyellow highlighting (e.g., highlighting 544, FIG. 5M), and the contactand subsequent movement correspond to a sentence within the paragraph(e.g., gesture 548 over text portion 546, FIG. 5M), the sentence ishighlighted with green highlighting instead of the yellow highlighting,so that the sentence is displayed with green highlighting while the restof the paragraph is still displayed with yellow highlighting (e.g., theportion of highlighting 544 over text portion 546 is replaced byhighlighting of a different color, not shown).

In some embodiments, in response to detecting the movement of theinitial contact on the touch-sensitive surface, in accordance with adetermination that the initial location on the display is outside of thehighlighted area, the device adds a new highlighted area to the documentin accordance with the detected movement of the contact (814). In otherwords, when the predefined gesture is detected within a highlightedarea, the device adds a second level of highlighting to at least aportion of the highlighted area, and in contrast, when the predefinedgesture is detected outside of the highlighted area, the device addshighlighting to a portion of the document that is outside of thehighlighted area. For example, gesture 562 (FIG. 5P) is detected outsideof highlighted area 544 and over text portion 566 not within thehighlighted portion of text 543. In response to detection of gesture562, text portion 566 is highlighted with highlighting 568 (FIG. 5Q).

In some embodiments, the new highlighted area is highlighted with thehighlighting of the first type (816). In other words, in response to aparticular type of gesture (e.g., tap and swipe), if the particular typeof gesture is detected in an area that is already highlighted with afirst type of highlighting, a second type of highlighting is added to atleast a portion of the highlighted area. In contrast, if the particulartype of gesture is detected in a respective area that is not alreadyhighlighted, the first type of highlighting is added to the respectivearea. For example, highlighting 568 and highlighting 544 (FIG. 5Q) areboth of the same type (e.g., both are yellow in color).

In some embodiments, in response to detecting the movement of theinitial contact on the touch-sensitive surface, in accordance with adetermination that the initial location on the display is proximate to(e.g., within 10 pixels of or within 1 centimeters of) an edge of thehighlighted area, the device adjusts the highlighted area in accordancewith the detected movement instead of adding highlighting of the secondtype (818). In some embodiments, the highlighted area is only adjustedwhen the initial location on the display is outside of the highlightedarea. In some embodiments, the highlighted area is adjusted withoutregard to whether or not the initial location on the display is withinthe highlighted area or outside of the highlighted area, so long as theinitial location is proximate to the edge of the highlighted area. Forexample, gestures 554 and 558 are detected by device 100 in proximity ofan edge of highlighting 544, as shown in FIGS. 5N and 5O, respectively.In response to detection of gestures 554 and 558, highlighting 554 iscontracted and expanded, respectively, as shown in FIGS. 5O and 5P,respectively, without adding highlighting of the second type.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that thedetected movement corresponds to movement on the display towards thehighlighted area, adjusting the highlighted area includes contractingthe highlighted area (820). For example, gesture 554 (FIG. 5N) includesmovement 556 toward highlighting 544. In response to detection ofgesture 554 and a determination that movement 556 is toward highlighting544 (based on the gesture detection), highlighting 554 is contracted, asshown in FIG. 5O.

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that thedetected movement corresponds to movement on the display away from thehighlighted area, adjusting the highlighted area includes expanding thehighlighted area (822). For example, gesture 558 (FIG. 5O) includesmovement 560 away from highlighting 544. In response to detection ofgesture 558 and a determination that movement 560 is away fromhighlighting 544 (based on the gesture detection), highlighting 554 isexpanded, as shown in FIG. 5P.

In accordance with some embodiments, FIG. 9 shows a functional blockdiagram of an electronic device 900 configured in accordance with theprinciples of the invention as described above. The functional blocks ofthe device may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination ofhardware and software to carry out the principles of the invention. Itis understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocksdescribed in FIG. 9 may be combined or separated into sub-blocks toimplement the principles of the invention as described above. Therefore,the description herein may support any possible combination orseparation or further definition of the functional blocks describedherein.

As shown in FIG. 9, an electronic device 900, configured to operate in afirst operational mode at some times and in a second operational modedistinct from the first operational mode at other times, includes adisplay unit 902; a touch-sensitive surface unit 904 configured toreceive user gestures; and a processing unit 906 coupled to the displayunit 902 and the touch-sensitive surface unit 904. In some embodiments,the processing unit 906 includes a detecting unit 908, an operationperforming unit 910, and a display enabling unit 912. The processingunit 906 is configured to detect a first gesture on the touch-sensitivesurface unit 904 having a first gesture type (e.g., with the detectingunit 908), and in response to detecting the first gesture: in accordancewith a determination that the electronic device 900 is in the firstoperational mode, perform an operation having a first operation type(e.g., with the operation performing unit 910); and in accordance with adetermination that the electronic device 900 is in the secondoperational mode, perform an operation having a second operation typedistinct from the first operation type (e.g., with the operationperforming unit 910). The processing unit 906 is also configured todetect a second gesture on the touch-sensitive surface unit 904 having asecond gesture type distinct from the first gesture type (e.g., with thedetecting unit 908); and in response to detecting the second gesture: inaccordance with a determination that the electronic device 900 is in thefirst operational mode, perform an operation having the second operationtype (e.g., with the operation performing unit 910); and in accordancewith a determination that the electronic device 900 is in the secondoperational mode, perform an operation having the first operation type(e.g., with the operation performing unit 910).

In some embodiments, the first operational mode is anavigation-preferred mode; and the second operational mode is anannotation-preferred mode.

In some embodiments, while the electronic device is in anavigation-preferred mode: a plurality of simple gestures are associatedwith corresponding basic navigation operations; and a plurality ofcomposite gestures are associated with corresponding basic annotationoperations, where a composite gesture has multiple components includinga single continuous contact on the touch-sensitive surface unit and atleast one other component.

In some embodiments, while the electronic device is in anannotation-preferred mode: a plurality of simple gestures are associatedwith corresponding basic annotation operations; and a plurality ofcomposite gestures are associated with corresponding basic navigationoperations, where a composite gesture has multiple components includinga single continuous contact on the touch-sensitive surface unit and atleast one other component.

In some embodiments, the display unit 902 is displaying an electronicdocument, the first operation type is a navigation operation, and thesecond operation type is an annotation operation.

In some embodiments, the first gesture type is simpler to perform thanthe second gesture type.

In some embodiments, the first gesture type is a swipe gesture and thesecond gesture type is a tap and swipe gesture.

In some embodiments, the first gesture type is single contact gestureand the second gesture type is a multi-contact gesture.

In some embodiments, the operation performed at the electronic device900 in response to detecting the first gesture is determined based atleast in part on a location and/or direction of the first gesture on thetouch-sensitive surface unit 904.

In some embodiments, the operation performed at the electronic device900 in response to detecting the second gesture is determined based atleast in part on a location and/or direction of the second gesture onthe touch-sensitive surface unit 904.

In some embodiments, the electronic device 900 switches from the firstoperational mode to the second operational mode in response to detectinga predefined gesture.

In some embodiments, the electronic device 900 switches from the firstoperational mode to the second operational mode in response to detectinga finger drumming gesture on the touch-sensitive surface unit 904.

In some embodiments, the finger drumming gesture is a two-handed fingerdrumming gesture.

In some embodiments, the display unit 902 is distinct from thetouch-sensitive surface unit 904 and the touch sensitive surface unit904 is positioned on a side of the electronic device 900 that does notinclude the display unit 902.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 906 is configured to enabledisplay of a graphical user interface element in response to switchingfrom the first operational mode to the second operational mode (e.g.,with a display enabling unit 912).

In accordance with some embodiments, FIG. 10 shows a functional blockdiagram of an electronic device 1000 configured in accordance with theprinciples of the invention as described above. The functional blocks ofthe device may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination ofhardware and software to carry out the principles of the invention. Itis understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocksdescribed in FIG. 10 may be combined or separated into sub-blocks toimplement the principles of the invention as described above. Therefore,the description herein may support any possible combination orseparation or further definition of the functional blocks describedherein.

As shown in FIG. 10, an electronic device 1000 includes atouch-sensitive display unit 1002 configured to receive user gestures; atouch-sensitive surface unit 1004, distinct from the touch-sensitivedisplay unit 1002, configured to receive user gestures; and a processingunit 1006 coupled to the touch-sensitive display unit 1002, and thetouch-sensitive surface unit 1004. In some embodiments, the processingunit 1006 includes a detecting unit 1008 and a display enabling unit1010. The processing unit 1006 is configured to detect a predefinedgesture (e.g., with the detecting unit 1008), and in response todetecting the predefined gesture, enable display (e.g., with the displayenabling unit 1010) of a character input user interface on thetouch-sensitive display unit 1002. In accordance with detection of thepredefined gesture on the touch-sensitive surface unit 1004, thecharacter input user interface includes a split keyboard. In accordancewith detection of the predefined gesture on the touch-sensitive displayunit 1002, the character input user interface includes an unsplitkeyboard.

In some embodiments, the predefined gesture is a finger drumminggesture.

In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive display unit 1002 is located ona first side of the electronic device 1000 and the touch-sensitivesurface unit 1004 is located on a second side of the electronic device1000 that is distinct from the first side.

In accordance with some embodiments, FIG. 11 shows a functional blockdiagram of an electronic device 1100 configured in accordance with theprinciples of the invention as described above. The functional blocks ofthe device may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination ofhardware and software to carry out the principles of the invention. Itis understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocksdescribed in FIG. 11 may be combined or separated into sub-blocks toimplement the principles of the invention as described above. Therefore,the description herein may support any possible combination orseparation or further definition of the functional blocks describedherein.

As shown in FIG. 11, an electronic device 1100 includes a display unit1102 configured to display a document having a user-specifiedhighlighted area that includes highlighting of a first type; atouch-sensitive surface unit 1104 configured to receive user gestures;and a processing unit 1106 coupled to the display unit 1102 and thetouch-sensitive surface unit 1104. In some embodiments, the processingunit 1106 includes a detecting unit 1108, adding unit 1110, andadjusting unit 1112. The processing unit 1106 is configured to detect acontact at an initial contact location on the touch-sensitive surfaceunit 1104 that corresponds to an initial location on the display unit1102 (e.g., with the detecting unit 1108), detect movement of thecontact on the touch-sensitive surface unit 1104 (e.g., with thedetecting unit 1108), and, in response to detecting the movement of thecontact on the touch-sensitive surface unit 1104, in accordance with adetermination that the initial location on the display unit 1102 iswithin the highlighted area, add highlighting of a second type distinctfrom the first type to at least a portion of the highlighted area (e.g.,with the adding unit 1110).

In some embodiments, the highlighting of the second type is coextensivewith at least a portion of the highlighting of the first type.

In some embodiments, the highlighting of the second type replaces atleast a portion of the highlighting of the first type.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 1106 is configured to, inresponse to detecting the movement of the initial contact on thetouch-sensitive surface unit 1104, in accordance with a determinationthat the initial location on the display unit 1102 is outside of thehighlighted area, add a new highlighted area to the document inaccordance with the detected movement of the contact (e.g., with theadding unit 1110).

In some embodiments, the new highlighted area is highlighted with thefirst type.

In some embodiments, the processing unit 1106 is configured to, inresponse to detecting the movement of the initial contact on thetouch-sensitive surface unit 1104, in accordance with a determinationthat the initial location on the display unit 1102 is proximate to anedge of the highlighted area, adjust the highlighted area in accordancewith the detected movement instead of adding highlighting of the secondtype (e.g., with the adjusting unit 1112).

In some embodiments, in accordance with a determination that thedetected movement corresponds to movement on the display unit 1102towards the highlighted area, adjusting the highlighted area includescontracting the highlighted area; and in accordance with a determinationthat the detected movement corresponds to movement on the display unit1102 away from the highlighted area, adjusting the highlighted areaincludes expanding the highlighted area.

The operations in the information processing methods described above maybe implemented by running one or more functional modules in informationprocessing apparatus such as general purpose processors or applicationspecific chips. These modules, combinations of these modules, and/ortheir combination with general hardware (e.g., as described above withrespect to FIGS. 1A and 3) are all included within the scope ofprotection of the invention.

The operations described above with reference to FIGS. 6A-6C, 7, 8A-8Bmay be implemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B. For example,detecting operations 610 and 620; performing operations 614, 616, 624,and 626, detecting operation 706, displaying operation 710, detectingoperations 804 and 806, and adding operation 808 may be implemented byevent sorter 170, event recognizer 180, and event handler 190. Eventmonitor 171 in event sorter 170 detects a contact on touch-sensitivedisplay 112, and event dispatcher module 174 delivers the eventinformation to application 136-1. A respective event recognizer 180 ofapplication 136-1 compares the event information to respective eventdefinitions 186, and determines whether a first contact at a firstlocation on the touch-sensitive surface corresponds to a predefinedevent or sub-event, such as selection of an object on a user interface.When a respective predefined event or sub-event is detected, eventrecognizer 180 activates an event handler 190 associated with thedetection of the event or sub-event. Event handler 190 may utilize orcall data updater 176 or object updater 177 to update the applicationinternal state 192. In some embodiments, event handler 190 accesses arespective GUI updater 178 to update what is displayed by theapplication. Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinaryskill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on thecomponents depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has beendescribed with reference to specific embodiments. However, theillustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or tolimit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modificationsand variations are possible in view of the above teachings. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and its practical applications, to therebyenable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention andvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: at an electronic devicehaving a display and a touch-sensitive surface: displaying a documenthaving a user-specified area annotated by highlighting that includeshighlighting of a first type; detecting a contact at an initial contactlocation on the touch-sensitive surface that corresponds to an initiallocation on the display; detecting movement of the contact on thetouch-sensitive surface; and, in response to detecting the movement ofthe contact on the touch-sensitive surface, in accordance with adetermination that the initial location on the display is within theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting, adding annotation withhighlighting of a second type distinct from the first type to theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting in accordance with themovement of the contact.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein thehighlighting of the second type is coextensive with at least a portionof the highlighting of the first type.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinthe highlighting of the second type replaces at least a portion of thehighlighting of the first type.
 4. The method of claim 1, including, inresponse to detecting the movement of the initial contact on thetouch-sensitive surface: in accordance with a determination that theinitial location on the display is outside of the user-specified areaannotated by highlighting, adding a new user-specified area annotated byhighlighting to the document in accordance with the detected movement ofthe contact.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the new user-specifiedarea annotated by highlighting is annotated with highlighting of thefirst type.
 6. The method of claim 1, including, in response todetecting the movement of the initial contact on the touch-sensitivesurface: in accordance with a determination that the initial location onthe display is proximate to an edge of the user-specified area annotatedby highlighting, adjusting the user-specified area annotated byhighlighting in accordance with the detected movement instead of addingannotation with highlighting of the second type.
 7. The method of claim6, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the detectedmovement corresponds to movement on the display towards theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting, adjusting theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting includes contracting theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting; and in accordance with adetermination that the detected movement corresponds to movement on thedisplay away from the user-specified area annotated by highlighting,adjusting the user-specified area annotated by highlighting includesexpanding the user-specified area annotated by highlighting.
 8. Anelectronic device, comprising: a display; a touch-sensitive surface; oneor more processors; memory; and one or more programs, wherein the one ormore programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed bythe one or more processors, the one or more programs includinginstructions for: displaying a document having a user-specified areaannotated by highlighting that includes highlighting of a first type;detecting a contact at an initial contact location on thetouch-sensitive surface that corresponds to an initial location on thedisplay; detecting movement of the contact on the touch-sensitivesurface; and, in response to detecting the movement of the contact onthe touch-sensitive surface, in accordance with a determination that theinitial location on the display is within the user-specified areaannotated by highlighting, adding annotation with highlighting of asecond type distinct from the first type to the user-specified areaannotated by highlighting in accordance with the movement of thecontact.
 9. The device of claim 8, wherein the highlighting of thesecond type is coextensive with at least a portion of the highlightingof the first type.
 10. The device of claim 8, wherein the highlightingof the second type replaces at least a portion of the highlighting ofthe first type.
 11. The device of claim 8, including, in response todetecting the movement of the initial contact on the touch-sensitivesurface: in accordance with a determination that the initial location onthe display is outside of the user-specified area annotated byhighlighting, adding a new user-specified area annotated by highlightingto the document in accordance with the detected movement of the contact.12. The device of claim 11, wherein the new user-specified areaannotated by highlighting is annotated with highlighting of the firsttype.
 13. The device of claim 8, including, in response to detecting themovement of the initial contact on the touch-sensitive surface: inaccordance with a determination that the initial location on the displayis proximate to an edge of the user-specified area annotated byhighlighting, adjusting the user-specified area annotated byhighlighting in accordance with the detected movement instead of addingannotation with highlighting of the second type.
 14. The device of claim13, wherein: in accordance with a determination that the detectedmovement corresponds to movement on the display towards theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting, adjusting theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting includes contracting theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting; and in accordance with adetermination that the detected movement corresponds to movement on thedisplay away from the user-specified area annotated by highlighting,adjusting the user-specified area annotated by highlighting includesexpanding the user-specified area annotated by highlighting.
 15. Agraphical user interface on an electronic device with a display, atouch-sensitive surface, a memory, and one or more processors to executeone or more programs stored in the memory, the graphical user interfacecomprising: a document having a user-specified area annotated byhighlighting that includes highlighting of a first type; wherein: acontact is detected at an initial contact location on thetouch-sensitive surface that corresponds to an initial location on thedisplay; movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface isdetected; and, in response to detecting the movement of the contact onthe touch-sensitive surface, in accordance with a determination that theinitial location on the display is within the user-specified areaannotated by highlighting, annotation with highlighting of a second typedistinct from the first type is added to the user-specified areaannotated by highlighting in accordance with the movement of thecontact.
 16. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storingone or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions,which when executed by an electronic device with a display and atouch-sensitive surface, cause the device to: display a document havinga user-specified area annotated by highlighting that includeshighlighting of a first type; detect a contact at an initial contactlocation on the touch-sensitive surface that corresponds to an initiallocation on the display; detect movement of the contact on thetouch-sensitive surface; and, in response to detecting the movement ofthe contact on the touch-sensitive surface, in accordance with adetermination that the initial location on the display is within theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting, add annotation withhighlighting of a second type distinct from the first type to theuser-specified area annotated by highlighting in accordance with themovement of the contact.
 17. The computer readable storage medium ofclaim 16, wherein the highlighting of the second type is coextensivewith at least a portion of the highlighting of the first type.
 18. Thecomputer readable storage medium of claim 16, wherein the highlightingof the second type replaces at least a portion of the highlighting ofthe first type.
 19. The computer readable storage medium of claim 16,including, in response to detecting the movement of the initial contacton the touch-sensitive surface: in accordance with a determination thatthe initial location on the display is outside of the user-specifiedarea annotated by highlighting, adding a new user-specified areaannotated by highlighting to the document in accordance with thedetected movement of the contact.
 20. The computer readable storagemedium of claim 19, wherein the new user-specified area annotated byhighlighting is annotated with highlighting of the first type.
 21. Thecomputer readable storage medium of claim 16, including, in response todetecting the movement of the initial contact on the touch-sensitivesurface: in accordance with a determination that the initial location onthe display is proximate to an edge of the user-specified area annotatedby highlighting, adjusting the user-specified area annotated byhighlighting in accordance with the detected movement instead of addingannotation with highlighting of the second type.
 22. The computerreadable storage medium of claim 21, wherein: in accordance with adetermination that the detected movement corresponds to movement on thedisplay towards the user-specified area annotated by highlighting,adjusting the user-specified area annotated by highlighting includescontracting the user-specified area annotated by highlighting; and inaccordance with a determination that the detected movement correspondsto movement on the display away from the user-specified area annotatedby highlighting, adjusting the user-specified area annotated byhighlighting includes expanding the user-specified area annotated byhighlighting.